Messier 100

Image Credit: NASA,ESA

​M100 is a stunning example of a grand-design spiral galaxy. This detailed Hubble image reveals individual stars within the galaxy’s prominent spiral arms. These dusty structures swirl around the galaxy’s nucleus and are marked by a flurry of star formation. M100’s characteristic arms also host several small black holes, including the youngest one ever observed in our cosmic neighborhood.

These three images show the central region of spiral galaxy M100, taken with three generations of cameras aboard Hubble, and document the improving capability of the observatory. The image on the left was taken with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 1 (WFPC1) in 1993. The photo is blurry due to a flaw (called spherical aberration) in Hubble's primary mirror. Celestial images could not be brought into a single focus. The middle image was taken in late 1993 with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2), installed during the Dec. 2 – 13, 1993, space shuttle servicing mission (SM1, STS-61). The camera contained corrective optics to compensate for the mirror flaw, and so the galaxy snapped into sharp focus when photographed. The image on the right was taken with a newer instrument, the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), installed on Hubble during the space shuttle servicing mission in May 2009.

Image Credits: NASA, ESA, STScI and Judy Schmidt

This Hubble image of a region of M100 shows a type of pulsating star called a Cepheid variable. These stars are reliable distance indicators to galaxies. The top three frames, taken on three different dates in May 1994, reveal that the star (in the center of each box) changes brightness. Cepheids go through these changes rhythmically over a few weeks. The interval it takes for the Cepheid to complete one pulsation is a direct indication of the star’s intrinsic brightness. Astronomers can use this brightness to precisely determine the galaxy’s distance.

Credits: Wendy L. Freedman, Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington and NASA

The galaxy was discovered in 1781 by the French astronomer Pierre Méchain, Charles Messier’s fellow comet hunter who discovered eight comets in his lifetime. M100 is located 56 million light-years away from Earth and appears dim in the night sky. Its apparent magnitude of 10.1 means that, while it can be seen through small telescopes, it will appear only as a faint patch of light. Larger telescopes can resolve more details of this galaxy. M100 is located in the constellation Coma Berenices and is best observed during May.

The image’s stair-step appearance results from the design of the camera used to take the exposures. The camera consisted of four light detectors, one of which provided a higher resolution but had a smaller field of view than the other three. Because the detector with the higher resolution does not cover as much area as the others, black regions remain when the images from all four detectors are combined into one picture.

For more information about Hubble’s observations of M100, see:

1. Celebratory Galaxy Photo Honors 25th Anniversary of NASA's First Hubble Servicing Mission

2. The Spiral Galaxy M100 as Seen with Hubble's Improved Vision

3.Hubble Space Telescope Measures Precise Distance to the Most Remote Galaxy Yet

4.Galaxy M100 Resolution Comparison

5.Picture Perfect: Hubble's New Improved Optics Probe the Core of a Distant Galaxy

6.Core of Messier 100 in Super High Res

Image Credit: Image Courtesy of Stellarium

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